Why is it that waves observed breaking on the shoreline appear as if they are breaking parallel to the shoreline?

Why is it that waves observed breaking on the shoreline appear as if they are breaking parallel to the shoreline?

Answer: Refraction.

Rogue waves are generated as a result of what?

Rogue waves are generated as a result of what?

Answer: Sudden unpleasant consequences of Interference on the open sea.

What is the ratio that waves will break in the open ocean?

What is the ratio that waves will break in the open ocean?

Answer: 1/7.

How fast does a wave train move with respect to the individual waves in the train?

How fast does a wave train move with respect to the individual waves in the train?

Answer: Wave train move at ½ velocity of individual waves in train.

What is the relationship between the wavelength and its velocity.

What is the relationship between the wavelength and its velocity.

Answer: v = f x lambda.

Wind is the disturbing force for what type of waves?

Wind is the disturbing force for what type of waves?

Answer: Capillary wave and wind wave.

What accounts for the movement of wind-driven surface currents?

What accounts for the movement of wind-driven surface currents?

Answer: Wind.

What are the factors necessary to make really large wind waves?

What are the factors necessary to make really large wind waves?

Answer: Wind Strength, Wind Duration, and Fetch.

The wave you surf on in California may have come from the middle of the Pacific. What has been transmitted across the ocean basin?

The wave you surf on in California may have come from the middle of the Pacific. What has been transmitted across the ocean basin?

Answer: Energy.

A wind wave of 30-meter wavelength will be considered a deep-water wave if it is passing through water that is greater than what depth?

A wind wave of 30-meter wavelength will be considered a deep-water wave if it is passing through water that is greater than what depth?

Answer: 15.

Organisms that chiefly contribute to biogenous sediments are algae and ______________.

Organisms that chiefly contribute to biogenous sediments are algae and ______________.

Answer: Protozoans.

_____ must contain at least 30 % biogenoustest material by weight; remainder formed from fine-grained clays that is deposited along with biogenoustests.

_____ must contain at least 30 % biogenoustest material by weight; remainder formed from fine-grained clays that is deposited along with biogenoustests.

Answer: Biogenous ooze.

___ derived from the hard parts of living organisms (e.g. shells, bones and teeth).

____ derived from the hard parts of living organisms (e.g. shells, bones and teeth).

Answer: Biogenous sedimentsis.

What is the "tragedy" in Hardin's "The Tragedy of the Commons?"

What is the "tragedy" in Hardin's "The Tragedy of the Commons?"

a. Earth cannot support a large population.
b. The sun will eventually die.
c. Everyone dies.
d. Humanity will tend to overstress resources.
e. Humanity will always start wars.

Answer: D

What is the only alternative source of energy that currently produces significant amounts of power?

What is the only alternative source of energy that currently produces significant amounts of power?

a. Wind energy
b. Nuclear energy
c. Tide energy
d. Solar energy
e. Hydroelectric

Answer: B

What process defines the greenhouse effect?

What process defines the greenhouse effect?

a. More life can exist in a given area.
b. The planet gets colder.
c. Carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere.
d. Carbon dioxide is outgassed by volcanoes.
e. Heat is trapped in the atmosphere.

Answer: E

Marine protected areas cover _____ of U.S. marine waters.

Marine protected areas cover _____ of U.S. marine waters.

a. 22%
b. 36%
c. 18%
d. 10%
e. 55%

Answer: B

How do introduced species typically move around the globe?

How do introduced species typically move around the globe?

a. In the holds on container ships
b. As parasitic organisms
c. In the ballast water of ships
d. Along global ocean currents
e. In packaged food

Answer: C

What habitats are hardest hit by pollution?

What habitats are hardest hit by pollution?

a. Atolls
b. Coral reefs
c. The intertidal zone
d. Estuaries
e. The abyssal plain

Answer: D

Some kinds of _____ will not biodegrade for hundreds of years.

Some kinds of _____ will not biodegrade for hundreds of years.

a. Halogenated hydrocarbon
b. Oil
c. Plastic
d. Fertilizer
e. Paper

Answer: C

Why is eutrophication bad for the ocean environment?

Why is eutrophication bad for the ocean environment?

a. Eutrophication Causes red tides.
b. Eutrophicationoften kills primary producers.
c. Eutrophication upsets the natural biological balance of an area.
d. Eutrophicationcauses nutrients to precipitate from waters.
e. Eutrophication slows the growth of phytoplankton

Answer: C

What is the process by which organisms at higher levels in the food chain concentrate toxic substances in their flesh?

What is the process by which organisms at higher levels in the food chain concentrate toxic substances in their flesh?

a. biomagnification
b. persistence
c. toxicity
d. eutrophication
e. chlorination

Answer: A

What type of chemical used in pesticides is an ocean pollutant?

What type of chemical used in pesticides is an ocean pollutant?

a. PCB
b. cyanide
c. heavy metal
d. halogenated hydrocarbon
e. nitrogen

Answer: D

What type of oil is ultimately biodegradable?

What type of oil is ultimately biodegradable?

a. oil seep
b. crude
c. refined
d. black
e. human-drilled

Answer: B

Oil in the oceans comes naturally from what feature?

Oil in the oceans comes naturally from what feature?

a. oil seeps
b. mid-ocean ridges
c. volcanoes
d. drilling
e. stratification

Answer: A

An organism's response to a particular pollutant typically depends on its sensitivity to the combination of _____ and _____ of that pollutant.

An organism's response to a particular pollutant typically depends on its sensitivity to the combination of _____ and _____ of that pollutant.

a. quantity; toxicity
b. persistence; degradability
c. degradability; toxicity
d. persistence; toxicity
e. quantity; persistence

Answer: A

A(n) _____ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the mechanical or biochemical processes of an organism.

A(n) _____ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the mechanical or biochemical processes of an organism.

a. compound
b. chemical
c. element
d. pollutant
e. oil

Answer: D

Human demand now exceeds Earth's natural replacement capacity by at least _____.

Human demand now exceeds Earth's natural replacement capacity by at least _____.

a. 40%
b. 60%
c. 20%
d. 30%
e. 50%

Answer: C

What has resulted from the increase in size of container ships?

What has resulted from the increase in size of container ships?

a. The melting of polar ice has accelerated,
b. Bigger ships have to find new trade routes.
c. Small ships are no longer used.
d. Bigger ships can no longer use the Panama Canal.
e. The decrease in sea level has accelerated.

Answer: D

What is the most valuable use of the ocean in place?

What is the most valuable use of the ocean in place?

a. Transportation
b. Tide power
c. Wind power
d. Extraction of oil
e. Fishing

Answer: A

What did the International Whaling Commission do in 1994 to help protect whales?

What did the International Whaling Commission do in 1994 to help protect whales?

a. Penalized whaling with jail time
b. Placed a moratorium on the slaughter of large whales
c. Stopped people from using whale products
d. Banned whaling in the Arctic sea
e. Banned whaling in 8 million square miles around Antarctica

Answer: E

What is the difference between aquaculture and mariculture?

What is the difference between aquaculture and mariculture?

a. Mariculutre deals with animals while aquaculture deals with plants.
b. Aquaculture must take place in salt water.
c. Mariculture requires estuaries.
d. Aquaculture must take place in fresh water
e. Mariculture is the farming of marine organisms specifically.

Answer: E

Bycatch is best defined as _____.

Bycatch is best defined as _____.

a. leaving too few breeding stock
b. animals unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms
c. leaving too many breeding stock
d. the number of fish killed in a net
e. the maximum number of an organism that can be harvested without harming population

Answer: B

What is the main problem with harvesting methane hydrate for energy use?

What is the main problem with harvesting methane hydrate for energy use?

a. Methane hydrate is dangerous and costly to mine.
b. Methane hydrate is only found in waters too deep to mine.
c. Methane hydrate is only found near fragile ecosystems.
d. Methane hydrate is not abundant.
e. Methane hydrate is not volatile and produces poor quality energy.

Answer: A

Technological advances in robotic control are making what kind of extractions practical?

Technological advances in robotic control are making what kind of extractions practical?

a. Gravel
b. Abyssal mining
c. Salt
d. Methane hydrate
e. Oil and gas

Answer: B

How are territorial waters defined?

How are territorial waters defined?

a. They extend 18.2 km from the shore.
b. Theyinclude exclusive economic zones.
c. They include straits that might be used for international navigation.
d. They extend 200 km from the shore.
e. They extend to where waves begin to break.

Answer: A

What does the United States Exclusive Economic Zone exclude?

What does the United States Exclusive Economic Zone exclude?

a. The prevention of pollution
b. The sharing of high-seas resources
c. The protection of the ocean
d. Piracy
e. The claim of territorial waters

Answer: B

About _____ of known world reserves of oil and natural gas lie along continental margins.

About _____ of known world reserves of oil and natural gas lie along continental margins.

a. one-third
b. one-quarter
c. three-quarters
d. 99%
e. half

Answer: A

What is the fastest-growing energy alternative to oil?

What is the fastest-growing energy alternative to oil?

a. Current power
b. Wave power
c. Solar power
d. Wind power
e. Tide power

Answer: D

In our current economic system, prices _____.

In our current economic system, prices _____.

a. do not reflect harmful costs to the environment
b. only reflect supply and demand
c. reflect a true free-market system
d. only increase
e. include harmful costs to the environment

Answer: A

In a free-market economic system, buying and selling are based on pure _____.

In a free-market economic system, buying and selling are based on pure _____.

a. desire
b. availability
c. competition
d. need
e. accessibility

Answer: C

How is nearly one-third of world's table salt produced?

How is nearly one-third of world's table salt produced?

a. Evaporation from seawater
b. Chemical extraction
c. Extraction from rock salt
d. Evaporation from pond water
e. Desalination of ocean water

Answer: A

What factors make wind energy an effective power source over the ocean?

What factors make wind energy an effective power source over the ocean?

a. Windmills can be easily constructed on platforms.
b. The wind tends to be more steady.
c. There is more stress on the gears, which generates more energy.
d. Winds die down at night.
e. The wind comes in large gusts.

Answer: B

In _____, the symbiont benefits from the association while its host neither benefits nor is harmed.

In _____, the symbiont benefits from the association while its host neither benefits nor is harmed.

a. parasitism
b. commensalism
c. symbiosis
d. biologism
e. mutualism

Answer: B

What organisms are responsible for energy production in hydrothermal vent communities?

What organisms are responsible for energy production in hydrothermal vent communities?

a. chemosynthetic worms
b. chemosynthetic crabs
c. photosynthetic worms
d. photosynthetic bacteria
e. chemosynthetic bacteria

Answer: E

What is the deep scattering layer (DSL)?

What is the deep scattering layer (DSL)?

a. The DSL is a dense aggregate of animals that migrate up and down in synchrony with daylight.
b. The DSL is the lowest photosynthetic layer.
c. The DSL is a hydrothermal vent community.
d. The DSL is a dense aggregate of microscopic primary consumers.
e. The DSL is a bathypelagic zone.

Answer: A

How do holoplankton differ from meroplankton?

How do holoplankton differ from meroplankton?

a. Holoplankton are heterotrophs.
b. Holoplankton spend their whole lives in the plankton community.
c. Meroplankton spend their whole lives in the plankton community.
d. Holoplankton are a type of krill.
e. Meroplankton are larger than about 1 centimeter across.

Answer: B

The shelter and high productivity of a(n) _____ can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals.

The shelter and high productivity of a(n) _____ can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals.

a. kelp forest
b. atoll
c. trench
d. coral reef
e. mid-ocean ridge

Answer: A

What is one reason for the great diversity and success of organisms in the rocky intertidal zone?

What is one reason for the great diversity and success of organisms in the rocky intertidal zone?

a. The small quantity of food available.
b. The high temperature.
c. The large quantity of food available.
d. The radical temperature swings.
e. The low number of habitats available.

Answer: C

How do motile animals respond to wave shock?

How do motile animals respond to wave shock?

a. They swim away.
b. They use feet to wedge into small cracks.
c. They form shock-absorbing cables to attach to solid surfaces.
d. They move to protective overhangs or crevices.
e. They hang on tightly to rocks.

Answer: D

What is a climax community?

What is a climax community?

a. A climax community is an offshore community.
b. A climax community is a newly formed community.
c. A climax community is a community on an atoll.
d. A climax community is a stable, long-established community.
e. A climax community is a community in the process of succession.

Answer: D

Which distribution pattern is the most rare?

Which distribution pattern is the most rare?

a. Physical
b. Biological
c. Random
d. Clumped
e. Uniform

Answer: E

Limiting factors quickly _____.

Limiting factors quickly _____.

a. slow the rate of population growth
b. increase the rate of population growth
c. increase diversity within a habitat
d. create carrying capacity
e. decrease diversity within a habitat

Answer: E